The goal of this report is to provide information about the STEM workforce that enables insight into how the U.S. They fuel a nation’s innovative capacity through their work in research and development (R&D) and in other technologically advanced activities, collectively referred to as the science and engineering (S&E) enterprise. Individuals in the STEM workforce make important contributions to improving a nation’s living standards, economic growth, and global competitiveness. Foreign-born workers accounted for 19% of the STEM workforce and 45% of a subset of STEM workers (i.e., mathematical and computer scientists, physical scientists, life scientists, social scientists, and engineers) with doctoral degrees in 2019.population, they are 23% of the STEM workforce due to underrepresentation of these groups among STEM workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher. Although Blacks or African Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, and American Indians or Alaska Natives represent 30% of the employed U.S.Women are about 34% of STEM workers, representing 44% of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher and 26% of those without a bachelor’s degree.In 2019, STEM workers had higher median earnings ($55,000) than non-STEM workers ($33,000).Unemployment was lower among the STEM labor force (2%) compared to the non-STEM labor force (4%) in 2019, and this pattern persisted even during the COVID-19 pandemic.A little over half of STEM workers do not have a bachelor’s degree and work primarily in health care (19%), construction trades (20%), installation, maintenance, and repair (21%), and production occupations (14%).By including workers of all educational backgrounds and the wide variety of occupations that require significant science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge and expertise, the STEM workforce represented 23% of the total U.S.Acknowledgments and Citation Expand collapse.Salary Differences across Sex and Race or Ethnicity. Representation of Race or Ethnicity in STEM.Participation of Demographic Groups in STEM Expand collapse.Geographic Distribution of the STEM Workforce.Working Involuntarily Part Time or Out of One’s Field of Highest Degree.STEM Labor Market Conditions and the Economy Expand collapse.Application of STEM Skills and Expertise by Non-S&E Workers.Education and Training of Workers in STEM.STEM Pathways: Degree Attainment, Training, and Occupations Expand collapse.A New Expanded Definition of the STEM Workforce.
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